A Comprehensive Review of Photodynamic Therapy for Treatment of Cancer

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a simply invasive therapeutic modality accepted for clinical treatment of numerous types of cancer and non-oncological disorders. We reviewed the action mechanism and principles of photodynamic therapy. The work additionally addresses photosensitizers, how they are activated, and techniques to improve photosensitized singlet oxygen emission. Significant advances have been highlighted in the framework of combating hypoxia in tumors utilizing innovative methods for instance nanoparticle-mediated photodynamic therapy. We reported the application of nanoparticles of silica in photodynamic therapy, covering their properties, their mechanisms of action, as well as ways to prepare carbon nanotubes and photosensitizers complexes. In this article we compared the properties of various nanoparticles employed in Photodynamic therapy, among them gold nanoparticles, silica-based nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes, along with metal-organic frameworks. Finally the excellent performance of silica nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy, suggesting that encapsulated Protoporphyrin (IX) surpasses exposed protoporphyrin (IX) among silica nanoparticles is also covered in this study.